Journal: BMB Reports

Article Title: Diesel exhaust particles disrupt blood–retina barrier integrity via TLR2 and TLR4 activation

doi: 10.5483/BMBRep.2025-0013

Figure Lengend Snippet: TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA expression in U937 human macrophages at 6, 24, and 48 h after DEP exposure followed by washing. (A) Schematic representation of the experimental procedure. (B, C) TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA expression. TNF-α (B) and IL-1β (C) mRNA levels were significantly elevated at each time point following DEP exposure compared with those in the control. *P < 0.05 vs. control.

Article Snippet: U937 human macrophages (Korean Cell Line Bank, Seoul, Korea) were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, MA, USA) for 3 days at 37°C in a 5% CO 2 incubator.

Techniques: Expressing, Control

Journal: BMB Reports

Article Title: Diesel exhaust particles disrupt blood–retina barrier integrity via TLR2 and TLR4 activation

doi: 10.5483/BMBRep.2025-0013

Figure Lengend Snippet: Claudin-5 and ZO-1 expression and permeability in human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) treated with conditioned media from U937 macrophages exposed to DEP. (A) Schematic representation of the experimental procedure. (B) Immunocytochemical staining. Claudin-5 and ZO-1 expression in HRECs was markedly reduced after treatment with conditioned media from DEP-exposed U937 macrophages. (C, D) Western blot analysis. Claudin-5 (C) and ZO-1 (D) protein levels in HRECs were significantly decreased following treatment with DEP-exposed U937-conditioned media compared with the control. (E) TEER permeability assay. Permeability in HRECs was significantly increased after treatment with DEP-exposed U937-conditioned media compared with the control. Scale bar = 30 μm, *P < 0.05 vs. control.

Article Snippet: U937 human macrophages (Korean Cell Line Bank, Seoul, Korea) were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, MA, USA) for 3 days at 37°C in a 5% CO 2 incubator.

Techniques: Expressing, Permeability, Staining, Western Blot, Control

Journal: BMB Reports

Article Title: Diesel exhaust particles disrupt blood–retina barrier integrity via TLR2 and TLR4 activation

doi: 10.5483/BMBRep.2025-0013

Figure Lengend Snippet: Expression levels of TLR2/TLR4 and TNF-α/IL-1β mRNA in U937 macrophages exposed to DEPs with TLR2 (C29) or TLR4 (TAK242) inhibitors. (A) Schematic representation of the experimental procedure. (B, C) TLR2 and TLR4 expression levels. Compared with those in the control, TLR2 (B) and TLR4 (C) levels in U937 macrophages were significantly elevated following DEP exposure. TLR2 and TLR4 expression levels were significantly restored following treatment with C29 and TAK242 before DEP exposure, respectively. (D, E) TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA expression. TNF-α (D) and IL-1β (E) mRNA levels were significantly lower in U937 macrophages treated with C29 or TAK242 before DEP exposure than in cells that received DEP exposure alone without TLR inhibitors. *P < 0.05 vs. control, † P < 0.05 vs. DEP.

Article Snippet: U937 human macrophages (Korean Cell Line Bank, Seoul, Korea) were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, MA, USA) for 3 days at 37°C in a 5% CO 2 incubator.

Techniques: Expressing, Control

Journal: BMB Reports

Article Title: Diesel exhaust particles disrupt blood–retina barrier integrity via TLR2 and TLR4 activation

doi: 10.5483/BMBRep.2025-0013

Figure Lengend Snippet: Claudin-5 and ZO-1 expression and permeability in HRECs treated with conditioned media from U937 macrophages treated with C29 or TAK242 before exposure to DEPs. (A) Schematic representation of the experimental procedure. (B) Immunocytochemical staining. Claudin-5 and ZO-1 expression was markedly preserved in HRECs cultured in conditioned media from U937 macrophages treated with C29 or TAK242 before DEP exposure, than in HRECs that received DEP exposure alone without pretreatment with TLR inhibitors. (C, D) Western blot analysis. Claudin-5 (C) and ZO-1 (D) protein levels in HRECs were significantly restored following treatment with conditioned media from U937 macrophages treated with C29 or TAK242 before DEP exposure. (E) TEER permeability assay. Permeability was significantly lower in HRECs treated with conditioned media from U937 macrophages treated with C29 or TAK242 before DEP exposure, than in HRECs that received DEP exposure alone without pretreatment with TLR inhibitors. Scale bar = 30 μm, *P < 0.05 vs. control, † P < 0.05 vs. DEP.

Article Snippet: U937 human macrophages (Korean Cell Line Bank, Seoul, Korea) were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, MA, USA) for 3 days at 37°C in a 5% CO 2 incubator.

Techniques: Expressing, Permeability, Staining, Cell Culture, Western Blot, Control